Time-domain waveform: Recorded waveform samples and their capture metadata are shown when retained for the selected sensor. If no verified waveform is available, the chart presents an explicit no-capture state rather than substituting a zero trace.

Waterfall plot: Spectra stacked by date (newest at front). Orders, harmonics and order-bands are enabled only when the asset has an approved running speed in Benchmark Metrics. Typical bearing fault-order markers (BPFO/BPFI/BSF/FTF) are shown for reference and become exact once the fitted bearing is assigned on Bearing & Gearbox. Requires at least two wave captures.

Cepstrum: The inverse transform of the log spectrum; it collapses periodic structure such as bearing harmonic families and gear-mesh sidebands into single quefrency peaks. Pair it with the waterfall and envelope to confirm a modulating period.

Envelope analysis (ISO 13373-3): High-frequency carrier signal (2 to 5 kHz band) is band-pass filtered and amplitude-demodulated (Hilbert transform). The resulting envelope spectrum reveals bearing fault frequencies masked by machine noise in velocity spectra.

How this works: Select an equipment category above to surface failure mechanisms, recommended predictive maintenance methods, inspection intervals and corrective actions from the configured Optimal® reference library. Each mechanism is mapped to detection methods so the page can support targeted maintenance programmes without implying live Rössing diagnostic findings.